Krill belongs neither to a single company nor to a single country.
Who Will Control the 21st Century's Blue Protein (Part 5 of 5)
WORLDWIDE
Friday, July 24, 2026, 05:00 (GMT + 9)
Fifth installment of a special five-part investigation into the transformation of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) into a strategic global industry.
For more than half a century, power in this industry was measured by the capacity to reach the Southern Ocean, capture biomass, and process it before it lost quality. The conclusion of this series shows that this metric is no longer sufficient: the business’s center of gravity is shifting toward technology, science, intellectual property, and access to the end customer.
The history of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) began with Soviet expeditions, moved through Norway’s industrial revolution, incorporated the rapid expansion of China, and retained, under new flags and companies, part of the knowledge accumulated by the Soviet Union. The previous four reports tracked that transformation from the sea. The fifth must answer a different question: if so many actors are investing in the resource, which part of the business are they actually trying to control?
The answer can no longer be reduced to vessels. Harvesting remains indispensable and is subject to regulatory access governed by CCAMLR, but a single ton can end up as aquaculture meal, pet food ingredients, phospholipid-rich oil, or a platform for new health applications. Between these destinations, prices, margins, required investment, and bargaining power change. The future will depend not just on who catches the most, but on who occupies the link where value is created and can defend it without assuming more capital and risk than that margin justifies.
Catching Is No Longer Enough
Krill belongs neither to a single company nor to a single country. Its exploitation takes place within an international conservation system and in areas where fishing concentration, ice availability, and the presence of predators condition any expansion. That reality limits the classic logic of extractive growth: a company can build a more efficient vessel or increase its market share, but it cannot indefinitely base its future on capturing ever-larger volumes.
When raw material is regulated and its commercial availability depends on finding dense swarms at specific times and locations, the safest path to growth consists of elevating the value obtained per ton. The industry no longer competes within a single market. Meal demands scale, cost management, and continuity; human nutrition oil requires quality, stability, and regulatory compliance; differentiated ingredients add research, patents, and clinical evidence. For this reason, two companies with similar catches can build completely different businesses.
It is also why greater integration does not automatically mean a better business. Controlling the entire chain can offer supply security and higher unit revenue, but it forces the financing of vessels, plants, inventories, laboratories, trials, regulation, marketing, and distribution. A specialized producer can earn less per kilogram and still achieve an attractive return if it maintains low costs, consistent specifications, and long-term contracts. The correct question is not who controls more stages, but where each company concentrates its advantage and how much capital it needs to sustain it.
Three Positions in a Non-Linear Chain
The industry is organizing itself around three economic positions. The first belongs to producers of biomass and raw materials, whose success depends on fleet efficiency, factory yield, traceability, and the quality of meal, crude oil, or frozen krill. Companies such as Jeong-Il, Pesca Chile, and several Chinese operators can operate in this space without the need to build an international brand or finance clinical trials.
The second position belongs to companies that transform biomass into differentiated ingredients. Here, competition shifts toward extraction processes, hydrolysis, phospholipid concentration, oxidation reduction, protein separation, and intellectual property. Aker BioMarine and Rimfrost represent two distinct strategies within this model: both require a fishing supply, but their ability to charge higher prices depends on what happens after the catch.
The third position is located closer to the market. It includes those who formulate, encapsulate, contract manufacture, develop private labels, or distribute ingredients among human and animal nutrition brands. These companies may not own vessels, yet they control the relationship with the customer who ultimately pays the margin. In a mature chain, customer access can be as strategic as access to the resource.
Aker and Rimfrost: Competing for Knowledge
The reorganization of Aker clearly illustrates where value is shifting. Since September 2024, Aker QRILL Company has concentrated harvesting, primary processing, and ingredients for aquaculture and animal feed, while Aker BioMarine focuses on human health and science-based nutrition. The separation did not break the chain; it distinguished two businesses that require different capabilities, investors, and growth horizons.
Recent results reinforce this interpretation. In the fourth quarter of 2025, Aker BioMarine’s Human Health Ingredients segment increased its revenue by 28%, reaching US$32.7 million, supported by higher volumes and an improved price mix. In the first quarter of 2026, sales of Superba Krill Oil reached US$29.3 million, up 26% year-on-year. The company continues to invest in clinical evidence and next-generation ingredients such as Lysoveta, targeted at brain and eye health. The message is clear: vessels guarantee supply, but growth is sought in applications, science, and price per kilogram.
Rimfrost attempts to capture value through proprietary enzymatic hydrolysis technology and a portfolio oriented toward human nutrition, aquaculture, and pet care. Its plan for a new vessel foresees a factory based on proprietary patents and prepared for multiple market segments. The prolonged patent dispute with Aker over krill oil reached the US system and ended with the invalidation of several claims Aker had used to defend its position. The episode demonstrated that freedom to operate, describe a composition, and sell it in key markets can be as vital as holding a fishing license.
The commercial partnership between Rimfrost and Bioriginal further confirms that a company does not need to integrate every function. Rimfrost controls the raw material and the process; Bioriginal provides channels, formats, and manufacturing capabilities. When an alliance costs less than building a proprietary commercial network, stopping integration at the right point can create more value than extending it out of principle.
Dongwon and China: The Advantage of Keeping Options Open
Dongwon Industries appears in krill fishing primarily as a producer and marketer of meal, but it belongs to a group that already integrates fishing, food, logistics, distribution, pet food, and consumer brands. Dongwon F&B also holds an active family of patents on krill oil preparation and composition. There is insufficient public evidence to claim that krill is currently a material driver of its turnover, but the group retains the option to move downstream without building the necessary commercial and food infrastructure from scratch.
PetChill Nutriplan Tuna & Krill. The second plant of South Korea's Dongwon F&B Co. in Jincheon, North Chungcheong Province.
That optionality can be more valuable than premature expansion. Dongwon can continue supplying raw materials while monitoring the evolution of demand, margins, and regulations, activating oil or finished product capabilities when market conditions justify it. Maintaining protected technology and an available chain, without forcing an immediate conversion into a global business, is also a valid strategy.
China follows an even more distributed logic. Catching, naval design, processing, research, and future applications are not necessarily concentrated within a single corporation. Provincial fishing companies, public institutes, universities, and processors can share functions that in Norway remain under more visible corporate structures. The result may be less recognizable as a single brand, but it is capable of combining scale, industrial learning, and a massive domestic market for aquaculture, animal nutrition, and functional foods.
Liaoyu Antarctic Krill
Not all of these operators need to become supplement manufacturers. Some may find their optimal position by reducing costs and improving the quality of meal or oil as raw materials for higher-technology companies. Specialization is not an inferior stage: it can be a rational decision when the buyer assumes formulation, regulation, and final commercialization.
Cooke and Bioriginal: Capturing Value Without Fishing
The case of Cooke Inc. and Bioriginal reveals how far power can shift away from the ocean. Bioriginal, a wholly owned subsidiary of Cooke, does not catch krill. It maintains a partnership with Olympic Seafood/Rimfrost to distribute RIMFROST Sublime Krill Oil and participates in the market through formulation, liquid and encapsulated formats, manufacturing, and customer access in human and animal nutrition.
Cooke’s strategy extends far beyond krill. Over a 12-month period, Bioriginal acquired encapsulation capabilities in the United States, ingredient distribution in Japan, pet nutrition in the Netherlands, vegetable oil processing in Germany, and, through the acquisition of POS Biosciences, laboratories, pilot plants, oil concentration, and molecular distillation in Canada. The resulting platform can source, process, formulate, and deliver finished products for proprietary or third-party brands.
This position confers a distinct advantage: Bioriginal can work with krill, but also with fish, algae, salmon, or plant-based oils. The harvester needs to place the biomass it catches; the formulator can choose the raw material that best combines function, price, and availability. Thus, a company without an Antarctic fleet can acquire greater commercial power than some primary producers: it controls the gateway to the customer and possesses alternatives if costs or market perceptions shift.
Science, Rules, and the Outcome
The final frontier will not be purely technological. Krill holds a central position in the Antarctic ecosystem, and any growth depends on preserving regulatory access and public legitimacy. Science fulfills a dual function here: it demonstrates the benefits of an ingredient while supporting the social and political license to continue fishing. A company may possess patents, customers, and capital, but it cannot transform a biomass to which it loses access.
Furthermore, krill does not compete solely against other krill producers. In human nutrition, it faces concentrated fish oils and algal omega-3s; in aquaculture, plant proteins, insects, yeasts, and other functional additives; in pet food, a wide array of premium ingredients. The consumer does not purchase a ton harvested in Antarctica. They purchase a benefit that must be verifiable, available, and economically sound.
Therefore, the answer to the title of this report cannot be a single country or a single company. Aker BioMarine can defend high-value segments through science and proprietary ingredients; Rimfrost, through process engineering and differentiation; Dongwon, through optionality and food integration; specialized producers, through cost efficiency, quality, and reliability; China, through an ecosystem of scale; and Cooke/Bioriginal, through formulation, manufacturing, and commercial access without assuming harvesting risk.
Leadership will belong to those who control a defensible bottleneck and manage it with discipline. For some, it will be biomass; for others, processing technology, patents, regulatory approvals, or customer relationships. The most integrated company will not necessarily be the most profitable, and the one with the most vessels will not necessarily capture the most value.
Series Conclusion
With this fifth installment, the KRILL REPORT comes to a close. The investigation began with the first Soviet expedition, traced Norway's transformation, the rise of China, and the dispersion of the post-Soviet legacy. The journey leads to one clear conclusion: six decades ago, the challenge was finding krill; later, it was catching and processing it. In the 21st century, the strategic advantage lies in converting limited biomass into knowledge, ingredients, and markets without sacrificing the legitimacy required to continue utilizing it. The blue protein will not have a single owner. Its value will be controlled, link by link, by those who best understand where margin is created and how to defend it.
直近の業績はこの見方を裏付けています。2025年第4四半期において、Aker BioMarineのHuman Health Ingredients(ヒト健康原材料)部門は、販売量の増加と価格ミクスチャーの改善により、売上高が28%増の3,270万米ドルに達しました。2026年第1四半期には、Superba Krill Oilの売上高が前年同期比26%増の2,930万米ドルを記録しました。同社は臨床エビデンスや、脳および目の健康を標的としたLysovetaなどの次世代原材料への投資を続けています。メッセージは明確です。船は供給を保証しますが、成長はアプリケーション、科学、そして1キログラムあたりの単価に求められているのです。
Rimfrostは、独自の酵素加水分解技術と、ヒト向け栄養、養殖、ペット向けに特化したポートフォリオを通じて価値の獲得を試みています。同社の新造船計画では、自社特許に基づく工場を備え、複数の市場セグメントに対応できるよう準備されています。オキアミオイルの特許をめぐるAkerとの長年の紛争は米国の法制度に持ち込まれ、Akerが自らのポジションを防衛するために使用していた複数の請求項が無効化されるという結果になりました。この出来事は、事業を実施する自由(Freedom to Operate)、組成を定義する権利、そして主要市場でそれを販売する権利が、漁業ライセンスを保有することと同等に重要であり得ることを証明しました。
Rimfrost则试图通过自有的酶解专利技术以及面向人类营养、水产养殖和宠物护理的产品组合来捕获价值。其建造新船的计划预设了一个基于自研专利、能服务于多个市场板块的船载工厂。其与Aker围绕磷虾油专利展开的长期诉讼延伸至美国司法体系,并最终以Aker用于维护其市场地位的多项专利权利要求被判无效而告终。这一事件表明,自由运营权(Freedom to Operate)、定义产品组成成分并将其在核心市场销售的权利,与拥有捕捞许可证同样重要。
Who Will Control the 21st Century's Blue Protein (Part 5 of 5) Worldwide
Fifth installment of a special five-part investigation into the transformation of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) into a strategic global industry.
For more than half a century, power in this i...